Cough - A complete guide for patients

Coughing is one of the most common health complaints, affecting people of all ages. While an occasional cough is normal and helps clear the throat or lungs, a persistent or severe cough may be a sign of an underlying health issue. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help you manage it better.

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What Is a Cough?

A cough is a natural reflex your body uses to clear the airways of mucus, irritants, or foreign particles. It can be acute (lasting less than 3 weeks), subacute (3–8 weeks), or chronic (more than 8 weeks).

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Common Causes of Cough

1. Infections

• Common cold or flu

• Bronchitis

• Pneumonia

• COVID-19

• Tuberculosis (TB)

2. Allergies and Asthma

• Pollen, dust, mold, or pet dander can trigger cough in allergic individuals.

• Asthma often causes a dry, nighttime cough.

3. Postnasal Drip

• Mucus dripping from the back of the nose into the throat can lead to coughing.

4. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

• Stomach acid flowing back into the throat can irritate and cause coughing.

5. Smoking

• Smoking irritates the lungs and is a major cause of chronic cough.

6. Medications

• Some blood pressure medications (like ACE inhibitors) can cause a dry cough.

7. Environmental Irritants

• Pollution, strong odors, and chemicals can trigger coughing.

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Symptoms That May Accompany a Cough

Depending on the cause, cough may be:

• Dry (no mucus)

• Wet or productive (with mucus)

Other symptoms may include:

• Sore throat

• Runny or stuffy nose

• Shortness of breath

• Chest pain

• Fever

• Wheezing

• Fatigue

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When to See a Doctor

You should consult a doctor if your cough:

• Lasts more than 1 week

• Is accompanied by high fever, weight loss, or night sweats

• Produces blood

• Causes difficulty breathing

• Worsens over time

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Diagnosis of Cough

A doctor may perform:

• Physical examination and ask about your symptoms

• Chest X-ray or CT scan (to check for lung problems)

• Blood tests (to detect infections or allergies)

• Sputum test (to identify bacteria or TB)

• Lung function tests (for asthma or COPD)

• Allergy testing

• Endoscopy (if GERD is suspected)

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Treatment of Cough

Treatment depends on the cause:

• Infections: Viral infections may only need rest and fluids; bacterial infections might require antibiotics.

• Asthma/Allergies: Inhalers, antihistamines, or nasal sprays may be used.

• GERD: Acid-reducing medications and dietary changes.

• Smoking-related cough: Quitting smoking is key.

• Chronic cough: Treated based on underlying cause.

Cough syrups (expectorants or suppressants) may provide short-term relief.

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Natural Home Remedies for Cough

These remedies may help soothe and relieve mild cough:

1. Honey

• A spoon of honey (especially before bed) can reduce nighttime coughing.

(Avoid giving honey to children under 1 year.)

2. Warm Salt Water Gargle

• Helps soothe a sore throat and clear mucus.

3. Steam Inhalation

• Loosens mucus and clears airways.

4. Turmeric Milk

• Turmeric has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.

5. Ginger Tea

• Ginger reduces throat irritation and inflammation.

6. Thyme Tea

• Thyme has antimicrobial properties and can help calm cough.

7. Stay Hydrated

• Drink plenty of water to thin mucus and keep your throat moist.

8. Humidifier

• Keeping indoor air moist can prevent throat dryness and coughing.

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Prevention Tips

• Wash hands frequently to avoid infections

• Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke

• Stay away from known allergens

• Get vaccinated (e.g., flu, COVID-19, pneumonia)

• Treat underlying conditions like asthma or GERD

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Summary

A cough is usually harmless and self-limiting, but when it lingers or comes with other serious symptoms, it’s important to find the cause. With the right treatment and care, most coughs can be effectively managed. Natural remedies may help in mild cases, but always consult your doctor for persistent or troubling symptoms.

Dr. Karuturi Subrahmanyam, MD, FRCP (London), FACP (USA)

Internal Medicine Specialist

Kify Hospital

Danavaipeta

Rajahmundry

Phone : 85000 23456